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Works created by United States and non-United States nationals published prior to 1923 are in the public domain, subject to the terms of any applicable treaty or agreement. This work may be in the public domain in the United States. Some of these foreigners facilitated the collapse of the Middle Kingdom and the later conquest of Egypt by the Asiatic Hyksos in the Second Intermediate Period. Others, especially prisoners of war or descendants of military captives, remained loyal to their Asian heritage. The presence of so many foreigners in a single household suggests that the Asiatic population was increasing rapidly in Thirteenth Dynasty Egypt.Īs was customary, some of these foreigners no doubt married Egyptians, adopted Egyptian beliefs and cultural traditions, and were absorbed into the cultural mainstream. The most important text recounts the efforts of a Thirteenth Dynasty Theban noblewoman named Senebtisi to establish legal ownership of ninety-five household servants, whose names indicate that forty-five were of Asiatic origin. Differences in handwriting and in the historical events described demonstrate that different scribes added new inscriptions over several generations. The texts are written in a cursive form of hieroglyphs called hieratic.
When complete, the papyrus to which this fragment belonged measured almost seven feet long.
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